Off-shore transportation, industrial and urban complex

ABSTRACT

A man-made island is located just off the coast to provide international airport and shipping facilities. The airport is located on the outer extreme of the island with runways paralleling the coast and extending in the direction of the prevailing winds. The sound contours drop off from the airport zone at the outer end of the island to a relatively low level at the inner end of the island close to the coast. The maximum height contour permitted by regulations increases in a direction perpendicular to the runways gradually so as to permit high-rise buildings at the end of the island closest to the coast. Industrial facilities which can tolerate a higher noise level and have lesser height requirements are located in the central portion of the island between the airport and the high-rise buildings. The airport area is raised significantly with respect to the main portion of the island. This provides additional safety against ocean surges toward the outer exposed end of the island and also permits easy access from the surface highways on the main portion of the island into underground tunnels and parking facilities in the airport area. Causeways extend from the mainland to the island at several points. In addition to providing highway and rapid transit access, the causeways may shield harbor and other facilities on the inner portion of the island from rough seas. The retaining caissons terminate below water level, and beaches are provided at the interface between the island and the water, and between the causeways and the water. These beaches provide recreation areas and a measure of safety for emergency landings and the like.

Aug. 1, 1972 United States Patent Goodboy, Jr. et al.

AVAILABLE COPY OFF -SHORE TRANSPORTATION, vide international airport andshipping facilities. The INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN COMPLEX airport is locatedon the outer extreme of the island [72] Inventors: George 0. Goodboy,

with runways paralleling the coast and extending in the direction of theprevailing winds. The sound contours drop off from the airport zone atthe outer end of the island to a relatively low level at the inner end 6v H mam Fm mm m me m. 0 K W J d al. a mwc mC m of the island close tothe coast. The maximum height contour permitted by regulations increasesin a Inc.,

direction perpendicular to the runways gradually so as [73] Assignee:Macro Synetic Systems,

Canoga Park, Calif.

to permit high-rise buildings at the end of the island closest to thecoast. Industrial facilities which can tolerate a higher noise level andhave lesser height requirements are located in the central portion ofthe island between the airport and the high-rise buildings. The airportarea is raised significantly with respect to the main portion of theisland. This provides additional safety against ocean surges toward theouter exposed end of the island and also permits easy access 4: 2 L41 52 2... 1 9B 7 67 2 W 4 O mwU w 7 n "C m 9 r. u o u H D. S Mk F A U IFfrom the surface highways on the main portion of the island intounderground tunnels and parking facilities in the airport area.Causeways extend from the main- [5 6] References Cited OTHERPUBLICATIONS Time Magagine May 30, 1969 Page 61 Interavia pub. No.7/1960 p. 863,864

land to the island at several points. In addition to providing highwayand rapid transit access, the

causeways may shield harbor and other facilities on the inner portion ofthe island from rough seas. The

Aviation Wk & Space Technology (pub.) Oct. 31, 1966 pp. I45, 146, 147

retaining caissons terminate below water level, and

beaches are provided at the interface between the island and the water,and between the causeways and Primary Examiner-Jacob ShapiroAttorney-Alan C. Rose the water. These beaches provide recreation areasand a measure of safety for emergency landings and the like.

[57] ABSTRACT A man-made island is located just ofi the coast to pro- 13Claims, 9 Drawing Figures APPROX.

PREVAILING WIND PATENTEDAUG 1 I972 SHEET 10F 7 AIRPORT AREA GEORGE0.600080); JR.

00mm w GREEN EX CONRAD J KOPEC INVENTORS ATTORNEY PATENTEDAUB 1 m2 SHEET2 [IF 7 INVENTORS BY 4] 2% I GEORGE O GOODBOKJR DO/VZILD W GREEN CONRADJ KOPEC P/nmnn'mn:- 11912 SREU 3 BF 7 Fig. 3 I

GEORGE 0 600030), JR DONALD W GREEN CONRADJ KOPEC INVENTORS ATTORNEYPATENTEUws 1 I972 SHEET R [If 7 650/?65 0. 600050), JR DON/1L0 W GREENC0/VRAOJ KOPEC INVENTORS BY f 8 ATTORNEY PATENTEDAus I I972 SHEET 8 BF 7GEORGE 0. 600050), JR DONALD W. GREEN CONRAD J. KOPEC INVENTORS ATTORNEYP'A'TENTEnAuc 1 m2 SHEET 7 [1F 7 GEORGE D. GOODBOXJR. DD/VALD W. GREE/VCD/VE'AD J. KOPEC INVENTORS ATTORNEY OFF-SHORETRANSPORTATION, INDUSTRIALAND URBAN COMPLEX BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many proposals have beenmade heretofore for offshore airport facilities. These have ranged frompeninsular concepts to fully floating airports. Off-shore airports .aredesirable in minimizing the adverse effects of sound on nearby residentsand in avoiding the necessity for purchasing large areas of adjoiningproperty where building height restrictions and noise levels could causeproblems. Up to the present time, however, it is not believed thatanyone has proposed a complete off-shore island transportation complexincluding rail, highway and airport access, in combination with shippingfacilities and associated industrial, residential and office high-risebuildings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention primarily involves theorganization or structuring of an off-shore island or peninsula forcompatibility with a number of limitations associated with a majorairport facility. The principal problems involved with a major off-shorefacility involve (1) building height limitations, (2) noise level, (3)ocean water condition or exposure; and (4) surface elevation. The noiselevel is a critical factor. By locating the airport on the outermostportion of the island, the noise levels on the coast and at the inneredge of the island may be held to tolerable levels. Concerning maximumbuilding height, the FAA regulations require that in the direction ofthe runways a 50:1 glide slope is required for an additional 25,000feet. In the regions generally perpendicular to the runway, however,which is the direction that the island extends, within a 13,000 footradius from the center of the airport the building height-restriction is150 feet. From this point a 20:1 slope permits increasing buildingheight to 500 feet at a distance of an additional 7,000 feet. At theinner end of the island, therefore, high-rise buildings extending up to500 feet or about 35 or 40 stories will be within this heightlimitation. High-rise residential and office buildings would thereforebe located in this area of maximum height limitations and lowest noiselevels. In considering the access to the island, causeways of solidconstruction extend to the middle of the island on at least one andpreferably on both sides. These causeways have sloping beaches on eitherside, providing recreational areas. They also serve to block rough seasfrom harbor facilities located on that portion of the island which isinside the causeways, and from selected recreational areas located onthe inner side of the causeways and on the sheltered coast of theisland.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the island may beconstructed of landfill behind retaining structures which extend fromthe ocean floor to a point well below the surface of the ocean. Thesurface contour of the island then includes beaches and rises to anelevation for the main inner portion of the island which is safely abovehigh tide levels. The outer portion of the island, however, is at asubstantially higher elevation to facilitate the access of highwaytraffic into the underground airport facilities. As noted above, thebeaches around the island are provided for recreation and emergencyairport safety reasons.

Other'objections and features of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a view of the off-shore island and associated coast andprincipal transportation features, in ac cordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the island itself;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic showing of height and noise contours of theproposed complex;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the island taken along line 44 of FIG. 2,showing building height restrictions and variations in surfaceelevations of the island;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are cross sectional and plan views of the solid causewaysproviding highway access to the island;

FIG. 7 is a partial cross sectional view generally following FIG. 4 butshowing certain features in greater detail;

FIG. 8 is a transverse cross sectional view taken along line 8-8 in FIG.2; and

FIG. 9 is a partial cross sectional view showing the freeway and rapidtransit vehicles as they may extend underneath the freeway in certainfacilities included in the transportation complex.

Referring more particularly to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the island 12 isconnected by a western causeway 14 and an eastern causeway 16 to themainland which occupies the upper portion of the figure. While theisland could well be located in many other off-shore locations, it isshown in its relationship to the city of Long Beach, located in SanPedro Bay with the Pacific Ocean in the foreground. The existingbreakwater 18 forms the inner boundary for the island 12. The westerncauseway 14 is shown connecting with the Harbor Freeway 20 and theeastern causeway 16 is shown connecting with the San Gabriel RiverFreeway 22. A third transportation connection from the island to themainland is across bridge 24 which makes connection with existingIndustrial Freeway 26. The high bridges 28 and 30 associated with thecauseways l4 and 16, respectively, permit access to the inner harbors bylarge sea-going vessels. The smaller and lower inner bridges 32 and 34permit flow of water to avoid ecological stagnation.- 1

With reference to the island itself, the airport 36 is located at theouter end of the island which extends furthest into the ocean. Thecauseways 14 and 16 meet the island approximately in its center. Thedeep-water harbors 38 are located inside the causeway 16 so as to beshielded from rough ocean water. The industrial areas 40 and 42 arelocated between the airport region 36 and the inner region 44 of theisland. At the innermost edge 44 of the island where the maximum heightrestrictions are not a serious problem and where the noise levels arerelatively low, high-rise apartment buildings and office structures arelocated.

A small boat marina 46 is located inside the solid causeway 14 so thatit is protected from adverse ocean conditions. Bay area 48 providesabout 4,000 acres of protected pleasure boating bay area.

In the airport area per se the control tower is shown at 50 and the mainterminal at 52. A freight terminal designated by reference numeral 54 isconnected to the main terminal by passageway 56. Freeway access isprovided on the surface of the main portion of the island as indicatedby reference numerals 58. At point 60 the highway extends from thesurface of the industrial area into an underground tunnel 62 whichprovides access to underground parking. in the airport area.

, Other features which may be noted in FIG. 2 of the drawings includethe airport support and maintenance facilities 64, two instrumentlanding system runways 66, two non-instrument runways 68, associatedtaxiways 70, and two general aviation runways 72 approximately 4,000feet in length. The local underground transportation link 73interconnects the general avia' tion area with terminal 52.

The causeways 14 and 16 are provided with oceanfront beaches 74 andbay-front beaches 76, provided with parking facilities 78. These areinterconnected by tunnels, and ramps permit easy access from the maintraffic patterns on the freeways-at the center of the causeways.

As shown in FIG. 1, the causeways 14 and 16 are provided with rock sandtrap groins 86 where the beaches terminate discontinuously at thechannels associated with the high bridges.

As an additional safety feature and toabsorb high wave motion, thebeaches 80 are provided in the vicinity of the airport. These beaches 80provide soft landings under emergency conditions.

In the industrial area 42, both an underground rail yard 82 and asurface rail yard 84 may be provided.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic showing of the FAA regulations for landingelevations and the estimated sound or noise level in perceived noisedecibels, or PNDb. These diagrammatic indications of elevation and noiselevels are superimposed on a view of the island and adjoining coastland.As mentioned above, in the areas 88 off the ends of the runways themaximum height gradually increases with distance from the end of therunway at a 50:1 ratio. Beyond 10,000 feet from the end of the runway inthe areas designated 90 in FIG. 3 this ratio becomes 40:1. In directionsaway from the; flight paths, the maximum limit is 150 feet for adistance of 13,000 feet from the center of the airport. This area of theisland is designated by the reference numeral 92 in FIG. 3 and includesthe principal portion of the industrial area of FIGS. 1 and 2. For anadditional 7,000 feet the height limit is 20:1 and beyond thisadditional zone the limit is 500 feet. These additional areas of theisland are designated 94 and 96 in FIG. 3.

In FIG. 3 the gradually curved lines 98, 102 and 104 represent noiselevels in terms of perceived noise decibels (PNDb). The lines 98 are the1 PNDb lines; the lines .102 represent the 100 PNDb lines; and contours104 are the 75 PNDb lines. It is noted in passing that the 100 dbcontour is the historical litigation level and the 75 PNDb level is thelevel at which ordinary conversation is normally carried on. The 75 dbcontour would, in terms of the Community Noise Exposure Level (CNEL), bea noise level of 40 decibels, or db.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view taken along lines 4-4 ofFIGS. 1 and 2. In FIG. 4 the vertical scale has been expandedsignificantly as compared with the horizontal scale. To bringthis outmore clearly, it is noted that thetotal length of the island isapproximately 5 miles or 26,000feet. In FIG. 3 the airport terminalbuilding 52 shows the general location of the airport area on the outerend of the island. The dashed line 106 which starts toward the edge ofthe airport area represents a 150 foot maximum height for buildings nearthe airport. At point 108, 13,000 feet from the center of the airport,the :1 slope ratio starts, and extends, for an additional 7,000 feet.Beyond point 110, where the buildings could be 500 feet tall, no furtherdefinite height limitations are imposed.

In FIG. 4 the original ocean floor surface is indicated at 112. Theouter perimeter of the landfill area is provided with a series ofcaissons 114, which terminate below the surface of the water. Inside thecaissons which provide the greater portion of the periphery of theman-made island, landfill is provided. This may come from nearby shallowareas and from future dredging of the harbor, by way of specificexamples. At the interface between the water and the island, beaches 80are provided. As mentioned previously, these beaches serve to damp outhigh waves and provide emergency soft landing areas. In addition to thebuilding height maximum contour levels shown by line 106, the contour ofthe surface of the landfill island may be seen from FIG. 4. In theairport area the nominal elevation may be about plus 30 feet above meanhigh tide level. In the main area of the island including the industrialand high-rise sections, the nominal elevation may be about plus 15 feetabove the mean high tide level. The substantial discontinuity 116between the airport level and the industrial area level is such as topermit easy entrance of vehicular traffic from surface highways in theindustrial area 40 to the subterranean parking in the airport area.

Industrial buildings 118 are shown in this region 40 and high-risebuildings 120 are located at the inner end of the island. The extremeinner end of the island is bounded by the existing breakwater 18.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show cross sectional and plan'views of causeway 14. Thecross sectional view is taken along line 5-5 of causeway 14 withreference to FIG. 2 of the drawings. In FIG. 5 the caissons 122 form theouter boundary of the landfill area. The original ocean bottom is shownat 124 and the landfill is indicated by reference numeral 126. A sandsurface 128 is provided for beach purposes on both the ocean and baysides of the causeway.

In the plan view of FIG. 6 the main roadway or freeway 130 is clearlyshown, as is the paved parking area 132. Suitable access roads,including ramps such as the offramp 134, are provided to permit bathersto reach the parking areas. Underpasses such as underpass 136 provideaccess to both the bay and ocean sides of the causeway and permitentrance to the main roadway 130 in either direction.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross sectional view which is interrupted atvarious points. As noted above, FIG. 7 generally parallels FIG. 4 but ison a larger scale. At the extreme right in FIG. 7 is the beach 80 whichprovides the interface between the ocean and the island. Above the beacharea the additional slope 138 leads to the peripheral roadway I40.Inland from the roadway 140 a further slope 142 leads to the elevatedairport area 36 were shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are shown again on asomewhat larger scale. These include the air cargo complex 54 and themain terminal 52. At the far left end of the upper section of FIG. 7 isshown the discontinuity 60 between the airport area 36 and theindustrial area 40. At this point the roadway 58 enters the surfacevehicle access tunnel 62. Below the roadway is the rapid transit tunnel64;

In the second section from the left in FIG. 7 the rapid transit vehicles144 are shown following a path which brings them to the proper unloadingstations within the underground airport terminal complex. In the centralportion of FIG. 7 below the main passenger terminal 52 are included manyunderground facilities including the access facilities 146 to theterminal complex and other sub-surface facilities in area 148 whichinclude baggage handling, parking and the like. Lower levels includingarea 150 are also provided for the rapid transit terminal, and storagefacilities, by way of example.

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 8-8 of FIG. 2. InFIG. 8 the water level 152 is shown with respect to the docks 154associated with harbor facilities 38. Reference numeral 156 indicates,schematically, gantry crane facilities which may be associated with thedock facilities for the loading and unloading of ships. As shown in theright-hand upper section of FIG. 8, underground rail facilities 158provide service to the industrial facilities 160 and the harborfacilities 38. The rapid transit facilities 162 may also extend throughthis area.

At the far right in the lower portion of FIG. 8 is shown the marina area46 with suitable small boat handling gear 164 and appropriate retailstore facilities 166.

The partial cross sectional view of FIG. 9 shows a highway 58 withunderground rapid transit station facilities 168 located below thehighway. The platforms 170 provide access to the rapid transit cars.

Now that the detailed description of the equipment and facilities hasbeen completed, a recapitulation of some of the major features will beundertaken. In this connection attention is again directed to FIGS. 1and 2 of the drawings. Several of the major features which have beenconsidered and which will now be reviewed include (1) building height,(2) noise level, (3) water condition; and (4) ground or surfaceelevation. As discussed above, the building height restrictions increasegoing inland from the center of the airport, and the noise contours dropoff rapidly. The industrial areas which normally do not include highbuildings and do not require quiet may therefore be located toward thecenter of the island. In addition, the docking facilities and rail yardsmay occupy this intermediate area of the island. At the far inland areatoward the coast, the highrise residential and office structures arelocated.

The docking and marina facilities, being located in the inner portion ofthe industrial area, tie in with the water condition and exposure atvarious points along the perimeter of the island. Adjacent the openocean,- of course the waves will be higher and the water rougher. Withinthe protection of the solid causeway 16, however, the harbor operationsmay be conducted with little concern for damage to vessels which mightotherwise occur. Alternative forms of roadway or causeway construction,such as the mounting of the roadway on pilings or concrete pins, wouldnot provide this protection for the docking facilities. Further,

although the causeway is only located at a nominal elevation of betweenplus 15 to plus 30, or about plus 25 feet above mean high water, thebeaches provide damping of wave action to insure the safety of vehiculartraffic on the causeway.

It may also be noted that the residential high-rise area 44 is locatedadjacent the mainland for ready access to mainland attractions overbridge 24 and close to the marina 46 and sheltered beaches on the islandor otherwise within the causeways 14 and 16. The arrangement of surfaceelevations readily permits highway traffic to be open to the daylight,thereby avoiding accidents, while the guided rapid transit facilitiesmay be underground where their interference with surface and pedestriantrafiic is minimal. It is once more noted that highway traffic locatedat a nominal elevation of 15 feet above mean high water permits easyaccess at several points including point 60 and point 172 to theunderground airport parking areas.

The location of the beaches adjacent the causeways is most convenient inpermitting easy access to these recreational areas without co-minglingwith island traffic.

It is again noted that off-shore airports have been proposed heretoforeand some early considerations have even been given to locating anairport in San Pedro Bay. Attention is particularly directed to thefollowing articles dealing with this subject matter: Dredging FacesChallenge from Jetports, World Dredging and Marine Construction, August1969, pgs. 20 and 21; Off-shore Airports, Machine Design, July 9, 1970,pgs. 20-26.

In conclusion, it is again emphasized that the orientation of facilitieson an artificial off-shore transportation complex, so as to take fulladvantage of airport noise contours, maximum height limitations, surfacecontours and water conditions, is considered to constitute importantfeatures of the invention. Various minor changes in conformance withthese principles are considered to be within the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is: s 1. In an artificial island installation locatedalong a section of coast generally paralleling the direction ofprevailing winds:

an island extending from an inner region close to the coast to an outerregion farthest removed from the coast, the main portion of said islandhaving an elevation at a first level significantly above mean high tide;an airport area including a plurality of runways extending generallyparallel to the coast on the outer or farthest off-shore area of saidisland; said airport area being raised to a second level substantiallyabove said first level, to provide easy underground access to saidairport area from the main portion of said island and to providesupplemental protection against ocean surges; at least one causewayextending from the coast to a central zone on said island between saidouter and inner regions, said causeway including solid breakwatersections adjacent said island and at least one high bridge to permitaccess inside the causeway for ocean-going vessels;

deep water dock facilities located on said island between said causewayand the coast; and

high-rise buildings located on said island at its inner region.

2. An installation as defined in claim 1 wherein at least one additionalcauseway to said island is provided.

3. An installation as defined in claim 1 wherein said island is providedwith highways and rapid transit facilities along said causewaysinterconnecting the coast to the island, said highways going undergroundupon entering said airport area. a

4. An installation as defined in claim 1 wherein said airport includesseparate passenger and 'freight terminal facilities, and wherein railand highway access is provided to said freight facility, and whereinrapid transit and highway access is provided to said passenger terminal.

5. An artificial off-shore transportation and industrial complex locatedin proximity to the mainland comprising:

means forming an extended landfill area in a body of water adjacent acoast;

. an airport located at the outer, farthest off-shore portion of saidlandfill area, said airport having noise contours decreasing and maximumbuilding height contours increasing with increased distance from saidairport, across said landfill area toward the coast;

high-rise buildings located on said landfill area on its portion closestto the coast where the height contours are at a maximum and the noisecontours are at a minimum; and

industrial buildings having a lesser height within said height contourslocated on said landfill area between the airport and the high-risebuildings.

6. An off-shore complex as set forth in claim 5 wherein the surface ofsaid landfill area has a contour which is substantially above the highwater level of the body of water in the airport region and has adiscontinuity to a significantly lower level which is still above highwater level in the industrial area.

7. An off-shore complex as defined in claim 6 wherein the landfillsurface contour has an interface with the surrounding water in the formof graduated beaches.

8. installation as defined in claim 6 wherein transportation accessfacilities are at ground level in the industrial portion of said islandand extend underground into said airport area.

9. A'transportation complex as defined in claim 5 wherein landfillretaining structures terminating well below the surface of the waterextend around the greater portion of the perimeter of said landfillarea, beaches are provided between said retaining structures and themain portion of said island, and wherein the surface elevation contourof said landfill area extends from below water level at said retainingstructure, through water level at said beaches, to a first landfilllevel substantially above water level for the main portion of saidlandfill area, and to a second landfill level in the airport areasignificantly above said first landfill level, to permit easyunderground access to the airport and to provide supplemental protectionagainst weather at the exposed outer end of said landfill area.

10. An off-shore island complex as defined in claim 5 wherein causewaysof solid construction adjacent said landfill a reaj iterc nect the m'nland to th central region 0 san lan 11 area, an marine faci ities arelocated on the portion of said landfill area toward the coast from saidsolid causeways where they are protected from rough open water.

11. A transportation complex as defined in claim 5 wherein combinedfreeway and rapid transit facilities provide access to said landfillarea with the rapid transit facilities being located immediately beneaththe freeway in some locations.

12. A transportation complex as defined in claim 5 wherein causeways ofsolid construction provide transportation access to said landfill area,wherein freeways are located on said causeways, and wherein bay-frontbeaches, ocean-front beaches, parking facilities, and sub-freewaytunnels are included on said causeways.

13. A transportation complex as set forth in claim 10 wherein a highbridge interrupts at least one of said solid causeways to provide accessto said marine facilities by ocean-going vessels, and wherein additionalbridges adjacent the coast link said solid causeways to the coast topermit free flow of coastal currents.

1. In an artificial island installation located along a section of coastgenerally paralleling the direction of prevailing winds: an islandextending from an inner region close to the coast to an outer regionfarthest removed from the coast, the main portion of said island havingan elevation at a first level significantly above mean high tide; anairport area including a plurality of runways extending generallyparallel to the coast on the outer or farthest offshore area of saidisland; said airport area being raised to a second level substantiallyabove said first level, to provide easy underground access to saidairport area from the main portion of said island and to providesupplemental protection against ocean surges; at least one causewayextending from the coast to a central zone on said island between saidouter and inner regions, said causeway including solid breakwatersections adjacent said island and at least one high bridge to permitaccess inside the causeway for ocean-going vessels; deep water dockfacilities located on said island between said causeway and the coast;and high-rise buildings located on said island at its inner region. 2.An installation as defined in claim 1 wherein at least one additionalcauseway to said island is provided.
 3. An installation as defined inclaim 1 wherein said island is provided with highways and rapid transitfacilities along said causeways interconnecting the coast to the island,said highways going underground upon entering said airport area.
 4. Aninstallation as defined in claim 1 wherein said airport includesseparate passenger and freight terminal facilities, and wherein rail andhighway access is provided to said freight facility, and wherein rapidtransit and highway access is provided to said passenger terminal.
 5. Anartificial off-shore transportation and industrial complex located inproximity to the mainland comprising: means forming an extended landfillarea in a body of water adjacent a coast; an airport located at theouter, farthest off-shore portion of said landfill area, said airporthaving noise contours decreasing and maximum building height contoursincreasing with increased distance from said airport, across saidlandfill area toward the coast; high-rise buildings located on saidlandfill area on its portion closest to the coast where the heiGhtcontours are at a maximum and the noise contours are at a minimum; andindustrial buildings having a lesser height within said height contourslocated on said landfill area between the airport and the high-risebuildings.
 6. An off-shore complex as set forth in claim 5 wherein thesurface of said landfill area has a contour which is substantially abovethe high water level of the body of water in the airport region and hasa discontinuity to a significantly lower level which is still above highwater level in the industrial area.
 7. An off-shore complex as definedin claim 6 wherein the landfill surface contour has an interface withthe surrounding water in the form of graduated beaches.
 8. Aninstallation as defined in claim 6 wherein transportation accessfacilities are at ground level in the industrial portion of said islandand extend underground into said airport area.
 9. A transportationcomplex as defined in claim 5 wherein landfill retaining structuresterminating well below the surface of the water extend around thegreater portion of the perimeter of said landfill area, beaches areprovided between said retaining structures and the main portion of saidisland, and wherein the surface elevation contour of said landfill areaextends from below water level at said retaining structure, throughwater level at said beaches, to a first landfill level substantiallyabove water level for the main portion of said landfill area, and to asecond landfill level in the airport area significantly above said firstlandfill level, to permit easy underground access to the airport and toprovide supplemental protection against weather at the exposed outer endof said landfill area.
 10. An off-shore island complex as defined inclaim 5 wherein causeways of solid construction adjacent said landfillarea interconnect the mainland to the central region of said landfillarea, and marine facilities are located on the portion of said landfillarea toward the coast from said solid causeways where they are protectedfrom rough open water.
 11. A transportation complex as defined in claim5 wherein combined freeway and rapid transit facilities provide accessto said landfill area with the rapid transit facilities being locatedimmediately beneath the freeway in some locations.
 12. A transportationcomplex as defined in claim 5 wherein causeways of solid constructionprovide transportation access to said landfill area, wherein freewaysare located on said causeways, and wherein bay-front beaches,ocean-front beaches, parking facilities, and sub-freeway tunnels areincluded on said causeways.
 13. A transportation complex as set forth inclaim 10 wherein a high bridge interrupts at least one of said solidcauseways to provide access to said marine facilities by ocean-goingvessels, and wherein additional bridges adjacent the coast link saidsolid causeways to the coast to permit free flow of coastal currents.